Fundamentals of Small Animal Nutrition

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Fundamentals of Small Animal Nutrition

• Water Soluble Vitamins
• Dr. Randy Ackman

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B- Complex Vitamins

• Water soluble vitamins
• B-complex
• Often used even if a single B-vitamin is
  deficient
• Single B-vitamin solution more expensive
• Serve as coenzymes
• Smaller molecules that need to be present for
  enzymes to function

http//members.verizon.net/vze2r6qt/supplies/vedc
o.htm
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Thiamine

• B1
• Coenzyme to thiamine pyrophosphate and pyruvate
  dehydrogenase
• Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA
• Role in CHO metabolism
• Conversion of CHO to fat
• Metabolism of
• Fatty acids
• Nucleic acid
• Steroids
• Amino acids

http//www.essex.ac.uk/bs/staff/thornalley/homepag
e/research_interests/thiamine_and_benfotiamine/str
ucture_thiamine.gif
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Thiamine

• Deficiency affects the CNS
• Rare in companion animals
• Result of overcooked in preparation
• Beriberi in humans

http//www.gwpark.org/news3.html
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Riboflavin

• B2
• Component of two coenzymes
• Flavin mononucleotide
• Flavin adenine dinucleotide
• FADH2
• Heat stable, but sensitive to light
• Deficiency
• CNS dysfunction
• Dermatitis

http//web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/riboflavin.jp
g
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Niacin

• Nicotinic acid B3
• Niacin converted to nicotinamide
• Metabolically active
• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - NADH
• Hydrogen transfer
• ETS
• Dogs
• Can synthesize niacin from amino acid tryptophan
• Cats
• Require dietary niacin
• Cannot synthesize

http//www.westga.edu/chem/courses/chem1152/lectu
res/112Ap2799/img012.JPG
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Niacin

• Deficiency
• Pellagra in humans
• Sore mouth
• Black tongue disease

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Pyridoxine

• B6
• Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
• Coenzyme of pyridoxal 5 phosphate
• Required for synthesis of hemoglobin
• Deamination, decarboxylation, and transamination
  of amino acids
• Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
• No identified deficiencies

http//www.deferol.com/images/pyridoxine.gif
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Pantothenic Acid

• Pantothenic acid
• Found in forms of living tissue
• Forms coenzyme A
• Involved with acetylation
• Remember acetyl Co A
• Entrance of glucose, glycerol and FAs into Krebs

http//bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Nutrit
ion/pantothenic.gif
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Biotin

• Biotin
• Coenzyme carboxylase reactions
• Fatty acid, nonessential amino acid and purine
  synthesis
• Eggs contain avidin
• Binds biotin and makes unavailable
• Cooking eggs inactivates avidin
• Intestinal bacteria produce biotin
• Treatment with antibiotics
• Increase biotin requirements

http//www.steve.gb.com/images/molecules/cofactors
/biotin.png
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Folic Acid

• Folic Acid
• Tetrahydrofolic acid
• Involved with synthesis of thymidine for DNA
• Deficiency
• Decreased cellular growth
• Anemia
• Leukopenia

http//www.conceptdraw.com/sampletour/medical/DNAc
ode.gif
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Cobalamin

• Cobalamin B12
• Contains mineral cobalt
• Absorption enhanced by intrinsic factor
• Pernicious anemia
• Cobalamin folate
• Used determine EPI and SIBO
• Deficiencies rare

http//www.vegan-straight-edge.org.uk/b12.gif
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Choline

• Choline
• Methyl donor
• Precursor for acetylcholine
• Neurotransmitter
• Component of cell membrane
• Component of
• Lecithin
• Sphingomyelin
• Nervous tissue
• Intake depends on methionine intake

http//www.biocheminfo.org/klotho/fischer/choline_
fischer.gif
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Ascorbic Acid

• Vitamin C
• Synthesized from glucose in dogs and cats
• Easily destroyed by oxidative processes
• Heat
• Light
• Minerals

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Ascorbic Acid

• Hyrdoxylation of proline and lysine in formation
  of collagen
• Primary component of connective tissue
• Osteoid
• Dentin
• Cartilage
• Etc
• Technically no dietary requirement
• Deficiencies
• Scurvy in humans
• Important in guinea pigs