Title: BEHIND THE DEMAND CURVE II
1BEHIND THE DEMAND CURVE II III
- Indifference Analysis
- 1. Assumptions
- 2. Indifference curves the budget constraint
- 3. Derivation of the demand curve
- 4. Income substitution effects
2Assumptions
- (i) Consumers rank preferences
- (ii) Preferences are transitive
- A to B, B to C then A to C
- (iii) Non-satiation
- Ordinal approach - ranking
- Assumptions ? Indifference curve
3Indifference curve
- Definition
- joins together all the different combinations of
two goods which yield the same utility... - Construction
- Slope Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS)
- MRS?Y\ ?X or MUy \ MUx
- Give up Y for X - same utility
4Constructing an indifference curve
a
Pears
Point
Oranges
a b c d e f g
30 24 20 14 10 8 6
6 7 8 10 13 15 20
Pears
Oranges
5Indifference curves
- Convex - diminishing marginal rate of
substitution -
- Indifference map
- preferences
6An indifference map
Units of good Y
Units of good X
7Budget constraint
- Actual choice is based on income prices
- Budget constraint
- Definition
- Shows all combinations of the two goods the
consumer is able to buy, given prices and income - Exhaust income
- Prices and income fixed
- What if a price changes? (figure 3)
- What if income changes? (figure 4)
8A budget line
a
Units of good X 0 5 10 15
Units of good Y 30 20 10 0
Units of good Y
Assumptions PX 2 PY 1 Budget 30
Units of good X
9Effect of an increase in income on the budget line
Units of good Y
Units of good X
10Effect on the budget line of a fall in the price
of good X
Assumptions PX 2 PY 1 Budget 30
Units of good Y
Units of good X
11Effect on the budget line of a fall in the price
of good X
Assumptions PX 1 PY 1 Budget 30
Units of good Y
Units of good X
12Optimal consumption
- Where is utility maximised?
- Point of tangency
- MRSyx Py\Px
13Finding the optimum consumption
Units of good Y
I5
I4
I3
I2
I1
O
Units of good X
14Derivation of the demand schedule
- Step 1 Price falls - B pivots right
- Step 2 Optimal point of consumption changes
- join optima price consumption curve
- Step 3 Map optima into price-quantity space
- Step 4 Demand curve (figure 5)
15Deriving a demand curve from a price-consumption
curve
a
Price-consumption curve
b
Expenditure on all other goods
c
d
I4
I3
I2
I1
B4
B3
B1
B2
Units of good X
a
P1
Price of good X
Q1
Q2
Units of good X
16Income substitution effects
- A price change
- (i) Income effect
- i.e. the change in demand due to a change in
real income.. - (ii) Substitution effect
- i.e. the change in demand due to a change in
relative prices - Identifying the two effects
17A conceptual experiment
- What happens to demand if, after the price of a
good rises, the consumers income is increased so
that real income is unchanged? - Compensating variation
- Utility is left unchanged
- See Figure 6
18Income and substitution effects normal good
Units of good Y
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
QX1
Units of Good X
19General rules
- Normal goods
- income substitution effects move in the same
direction - Inferior goods
- income substitution effects move in opposite
directions