The Parts of Speech

1
The Parts of Speech

• Objectives
• To be able to identify the function of a word,
  phrase, or clause as one of the eight parts of
  speech.
• To identify the roles each part of speech plays
  in the sentence.
• To use appropriate grammar.

2
Parts of Speech

• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Interjections

3
Noun Definition

• Definition A word, phrase, or clause that names
  a person, place, thing, or idea
• Examples
• Words car, London, toy, hate
• Gerund phrases Recording a top ten hit is the
  musicians primary ambition.
• Infinitive phrases To serve in the Peace Corps
  remains her intention.
• Noun subordinate clauses Whoever finishes the
  test first will probably fail it.
• If a word can be preceded by an article (a, an,
  the) without requiring another word, and it is
  logical in the context, it is a noun.
• Example an advantage, but not an advantageous

4
Noun Function

• Nouns can be the subject (S) of a clause or
  sentence.
• What is a subject?
• Who or what the clause or sentence is about.
• The town of Weatherford celebrates its Peach
  Festival every July.
• town single word
• Listening to her favorite singer puts Alicia in a
  splendid mood.
• Listening to her favorite singer gerund phrase
• To speak slowly and distinctly is something that
  Jackie rarely does.
• To speak slowly and distinctly infinitive phrase

5
Noun Function

• Subject (S) of a clause or sentence
• Which of the hockey teams will win the Stanley
  Cup is anybodys guess at this point in the
  series.
• Which of the hockey teams will win the Stanley
  Cup (Which) noun subordinate clause
• That he risks injury and even death makes his job
  as a stunt man especially uninviting for most
  people.
• That he risks injury and even death (he) noun
  subordinate clause

6
Noun Function

• Nouns can be the predicate nominative (PN) of a
  clause or sentence.
• What is a predicate nominative?
• A noun that follows a linking verb (am, is, are,
  was, were, be, being, been, become, seem, grow,
  appear, look, feel, taste, smell, remain, sound,
  stay, etc.) and identifies the subject. PNs and
  Ss can be interchanged without any change in
  meaning.
• William Faulkner was a winner of the Nobel Prize
  for Literature.
• winner is the PN

7
Noun Function

• PNs
• Karens future goal is singing for a living.
• singing for a living gerund phrase
• Tabithas favorite line from Shakespeare has
  always been to be or not to be.
• to be or not to be infinitive phrase
• Kevin is who will receive my vote for class
  president.
• who will receive my vote for class president
  noun subordinate clause

8
Noun Function

• Nouns can be the direct object (DO) of a clause
  or sentence.
• What is a direct object?
• A noun that follows action verbs and receives the
  action of that verb. DOs answer the questions
  what? or whom? after an action verb.
• Randolph tossed his cap into the air at
  graduation.
• cap
• Carla Sues dad enjoys dancing to the music of
  the Rolling Stones.
• dancing to the music of the Rolling Stones
  gerund phrase

9
Noun Function

• DOs
• Judge Holland decided to dismiss the case for
  lack of evidence.
• to dismiss the case for lack of evidence
  infinitive phrase
• Because my sister likes eating pineapple pizza, I
  knew that she would not even taste any of the
  pepperoni.
• that she would not even taste any of the
  pepperoni noun subordinate clause
• eating pineapple pizza gerund phrase as DO of
  adverb subordinate clause

10
Noun Function

• Nouns can be the indirect object (IO) of a clause
  or sentence.
• What is an indirect object?
• The IO always comes between the action verb and
  the DO and answers to/for whom/what?
• Henry handed his best friend the diary.
• friend
• Juanita will bring the class doughnuts.
• class

11
Noun Function

• IOs
• Kimberly gives making straight As her undivided
  attention.
• making straight As gerund phrase
• This particular class has shown whoever teaches
  them a masterful approach toward studying.
• whoever teaches them noun subordinate clause

12
Noun Function

• Nouns can be the object complement (OC) of a
  clause or sentence.
• What is an object complement?
• The OC always comes after a DO following an
  action verb with the meaning of make or consider.
  It answers what? after the DO.
• The new couple painted their living room red.
• red
• The student class voted her their president.
• president
• We consider that argument ill-reasoned.
• ill-reasoned

13
Noun Function

• Nouns can be the object of a preposition (OP) in
  a clause or sentence.
• Paul listens to music around the clock.
• music, clock
• Jaye believes that she lost her hearing from
  playing in a heavy metal band.
• playing in a heavy metal band gerund phrase
• I addressed the letter to whom it may concern.
• whom it may concern noun subordinate clause

14
Noun Function

• Nouns can be the appositive in a clause or
  sentence.
• What is an appositive?
• A noun that is located next to another noun and
  identifies it in some way.
• My friend Erica sends all of her favorite singers
  fan mail.
• Erica
• Jeffreys hobby, building model airplanes, keeps
  him busy most every weekend.
• building model airplanes gerund phrase

15
Noun Function

• Only a few of us were surprised by his wish to
  become a gourmet chef.
• to become a gourmet chef infinitive phrase
• The candidates belief that the sale of handguns
  should be prohibited caused a major debate.
• that the sale of handguns should be prohibited
  noun sub clause

16
Noun Categories

• Nouns can be common or proper, abstract or
  concrete, and collective.
• Common woman, city, building
• Proper Jennifer, Birmingham, Eiffel Tower
• Abstract beauty, strength, love, courage, hate,
  independence
• Concrete hat, desk, book, odor, leaf
• Collective crowd, team, class, herd, gaggle
• Compound nouns are made up of more than one word
  Ringling Brothers Circus, high school, White House

17
Pronoun Definition

• Definition A word used in place of a noun.
  Pronouns can perform any of the previous noun
  functions.
• Examples
• I, me, you, he, him, her, it, myself, herself,
  yourself, each, neither, who, which, somebody,
  few, most
• There are 8 types of pronouns
• personal, possessive, intensive, reflexive,
  interrogative, relative, demonstrative,
  indefinite
• What is an antecedent?
• An antecedent is the word to which a pronoun
  refers.

18
Personal Pronouns
19
Personal Pronouns

• What does nominative case mean?
• Nominative case pronouns act as subjects and
  predicate nominatives.
• What does objective case mean?
• Objective case pronouns act as DOs, IOs, and OPs.

20
Possessive Pronouns (and Adjectives)

• Singular Plural
• First Person mine ours
• Second Person yours yours
• Third Person his, hers, its theirs
• Possessive Adjectives
• Singular Plural
• First Person my our
• Second Person your your
• Third Person his, her, its their
• The above possessive adjectives are usually
  listed with the possessive pronouns because they
  refer to antecedents. However, the possessive
  adjectives occur in front of nouns, whereas
  possessive pronouns stand on their own.

21
Practice Identify the antecedent of the
italicized words.

• 1. In Whitmans poetry, he wrote about the
  importance of self in hers, Emily Dickinson
  wrote about love, nature, and immortality.
• 2. I never saw a Moor and The Sky is low the
  Clouds are mean are both about nature.
• 3. For many years, Emilys father did not support
  her in her interest in poetry.
• 4. Emily, her brother Austin, and her sister
  Vinnie grew up in Amherst, MA. They continued to
  live there as adults.
• 5. Emily seldom left Amherst. She spent many
  years as a recluse.
• 6. Some of Emilys acquaintances urged their
  friend to publish her poems.
• 7. Emily sent a few poems to a poetry critic at
  The Atlantic Monthly and asked for his opinion.
• 8. They corresponded until Emilys death in 1886.
• 9. Emily found beauty in nature and all its
  variations.
• 10. Emily wrote of herself I am small, like the
  Wren.

22
Practice Identify each pronoun as either first
person, second person, or third person, then tell
if its singular or plural. If the word is
possessive, decide whether its a pronoun or an
adj.

• 1. Mike hit a home run today it is his first at
  this school.
• 2. Lupe and Lisa took their books to lunch.
• 3. Loren and her brother Patrick are taking a
  course in CPR they would like a career in
  medicine.
• 4. A lizard tastes and smells with its tongue.
• 5. You probably wont believe us, said Ross,
  but Sam and I saw a UFO last night on our way
  home.
• 6. Alanna cut her finger, but it is bandaged now.
• 7. When Tran Chu left for the Math Olympiad, his
  entire class showed up to wish him luck.
• 8. Sipra forgot her lunch, but two classmates
  shared theirs with her.
• 9. How quickly we forget past favors the big
  question today is What have you done for me
  lately?
• 10. This knapsack is mine, said Omar. You must
  have left yours back at the campsite, Frank.

23
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

• Singular Plural
• First Person myself ourselves
• Second Person yourself yourselves
• Third Person himself, herself, themselves
• itself
• theirselves is IMPROPER GRAMMAR
• What is the difference between reflexive and
  intensive pronouns?

24
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

• Reflexive pronouns always add information to a
  sentence. They are most often used as DOs or IOs.
• Ex/ Jim uses a stopwatch to time himself on the
  track.
• She taught herself to play the piano.
• We gave ourselves a party.
• Intensive pronouns only add emphasis to another
  noun or pronoun in the same sentence.
• Ex/He himself delivered the flowers.
• You must sign the application yourself.
• Mariko herself made the bridesmaids dresses.
• Pepe, Jaime, and Caesar designed the float
  themselves.
• If a pronoun is intensive, you can remove it
  without losing meaning in the sentence. A
  reflexive pronoun cannot be removed without
  changing the meaning of the sentence.

25
Demonstrative Pronouns

• NEAR FAR
• Singular this that
• Plural these those
• Demonstratives point out persons or things.
• Be careful! This, that, these, and those can also
  be Demonstrative Adjectives.
• Demonstrative pronoun Because of this, I no
  longer wear those shoes.
• Demonstrative adjective Because of those chew
  marks, I no longer wear those shoes.

26
Interrogative Pronouns

• who whom whose
• what which whoever whomever
  whatever whichever
• Interrogative pronouns are used in questions.
• Who borrowed my pen?
• What was the name of the book?

27
Relative Pronouns

• that who whom whose
• what which whoever
• whomever whatever whichever
• Relative pronouns are used to introduce adjective
  and noun subordinate clauses.
• The question that is on everyones mind is when
  is the test?
• I will agree with whatever you decide.

28
Indefinite Pronouns

• Singular anybody, anyone, anything, each,
  either, everyone, everybody, everything, one, no
  one, nobody, nothing, neither, somebody, someone,
  something
• Each of the boys is ready to play.
• Neither of the boys knows about the accident.
• Plural both, few, many, others, several
• Both senators are in agreement.
• Many have come.
• Singular or plural (depending on context) all,
  any, most, none, some
• Most of the band practices on Tuesdays.
• Most of the cinnamon rolls still need icing.

29
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

• Agreement is especially tricky with indefinite
  pronouns.
• A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in
  number. If the antecedent is singular, the
  pronoun should be singular.
• Everyone must sit down quietly at their desks
  before receiving their test. Though this is
  incorrect in written English, it is spoken quite
  a lot. Whats the solution?
• His or her Everyone must sit down quietly at his
  or her desk before receiving his or her test.
• Plural Students must sit down quietly at their
  desks before receiving their tests.
• No pronouns Students must be seated in order to
  receive tests.

30
Verbs

• Two categories
• 1. Main verbs
• 2. Auxiliary (helping) verbs
• There are also two types of main verbs
• 1. Linking verbs
• 2. Action verbs (of which there are two types)
• 1. transitive and 2. intransitive
• The main verb preceded by one or more helping
  verbs makes up a verb phrase.

31
Verbs

• Verb Phrase
• Auxiliary Main
• Linking Action
• transitive intransitive

32
Auxiliary Verbs

• MUST be followed by another verb (main verb),
  helps that verb show tense. There are 23
  auxiliary verbs
• Be am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
• Have have, has, had
• Do do, does, did
• Modals may, might, must, shall, should, will,
  would, can, could

33
Linking Verbs

• Are a type of main verb, and therefore are either
  the only verb in that clause or the last verb in
  the verb phrase.
• Be verbs am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
• Sensory verbs sound, taste, appear, feel, look,
  smell
• Condition verbs become, remain, seem, stay, grow
• Sensory and condition verbs can be either action
  or linking. How do you tell?
• If you can substitute a be verb and the sentence
  makes sense, its linking.
• If what follows the verb is a PN or PA, its
  linking.

34
Action or Linking?

• Tybalt looked surly.
• Juliet looked at the stars in the sky.
• The Friar grows a variety of herbs.
• Mercutio grows more and more belligerent.

35
If its not linking, its ACTION

• Actions expressed by an action verb can be
  physical actions or mental actions. I thought it
  was wonderful!
• Action verbs are either transitive or
  intransitive.
• Intransitive verbs have no direct object I ran.
  I fell down the steps. You cant fall something,
  so fall is intransitive.
• Transitive verbs, however, have direct objects,
  and can therefore also take indirect objects or
  object complements along with the DOs
• I gave the cat a bath.
• The senior class elected Jamie president.

36
Transitive or Intransitive?

• He talked to the professor after class.
• She might join the sorority this year.
• When I get home from school, I feed Jolie.
• She waits for me at the door everyday.
• Jolie likes to run around the front yard.
• I thought for a long time about the tough
  decision.
• I wondered where everybody went.
• Please turn in your homework.
• The little girl, on being punished by her mother,
  said, This stinks!

37
Side Note Intransitive Descriptors

• Slang expressions such as bites, blows, rocks,
  rules, smells, stinks, and sucks play a unique
  role in American English. They are a class of
  intransitive verbs used as modifiers. They are an
  economical way of expressing opinion English
  rocks!
• However, due to their informal nature, they are
  not to be used in any kind of formal writing
  assignment. Because they are so economical and
  imprecise, they are also not to be used in
  descriptive writing, as they tend to oversimplify
  description.

38
Side Note Troublesome Verbs

• Lie Lay
• Lie is intransitive. You cannot lie anything
  down.
• Lay is transitive. You can lay something down.
• Sit Set
• Sit is intransitive. You sit, but you do not
  sit something down.
• Set is transitive. You do not set, but you can
  set something down.
• Rise Raise
• Rise is intransitive. You rise in the morning,
  but you do not rise your hand. (Bread rises,
  the sun rises, etc.)
• Raise is transitive. You can raise your hand or
  raise the flag, but you cannot raise from your
  bed in the morning.

39
Verb forms - Tense

• There are four basic forms of a verb. Every other
  tense uses one of these forms as a base
• Present go/goes, bring/brings, talk/talks
• Past went, brought, talked
• Past participle (has) gone, (has) brought, (has)
  talked
• Present participle (is) going, (is) bringing,
  (is) talking

40
Verb forms - Tense

• Other tenses are formed by adding auxiliaries to
  one of those original four forms
• Future will/shall go, will bring, will talk
• Past perfect had gone, had brought, had talked
• Present perfect has gone, has brought, has
  talked
• Future perfect will have gone, will have
  brought, will have talked

41
Verb forms - Tense

• Progressive forms indicate an action or state of
  being that is in progress at a specified time.
• Past Progressive was going
• Present Progressive am going
• Future Progressive will be going
• Past Perfect Progressive had been going
• Present Perfect Progressive has/have been going
• Future Perfect Progressive will have been going
• Use Use it to specify order of events.
• He had been going to the store when another car
  ran a red light.
• We will have been traveling for 3 days by the
  time we reach California.
• I have been staying after school a lot this week.

42
Modifiers Adjectives, Adverbs, and Prepositional
Phrases

• Three parts of speech are modifiers, meaning that
  modify in some way another part of speech.
• Adjectives modify nouns The blue car sped off.
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other
  adverbs The rather pretty girl daintily made her
  bed very quickly.
• Prepositional phrases act as adjectives or
  adverbs The pizza in the fridge is left over. My
  brother put it in the fridge last night.

43
Adjectives

• Definition a word, phrase, or clause that
  describes, specifies, limits, or modifies nouns
  or pronouns. They answer the following four
  questions
• What kind?
• Which one?
• How many?/How much?
• Whose is it?

44
Adjectives

• Words as adjectives
• a rotten apple, the green ink, several
  assignments, my computer, Charlies pen
• Prepositional phrases
• the house on the corner
• a teacher with a strict demeanor
• Present participial phrases
• The student hurtling down the hallway fell into
  the trash can.
• Finishing her homework, Carol suddenly noticed
  the distinct smell of chocolate chip cookies
  wafting in from the kitchen.

45
Adjectives

• Past participial phrases
• Knocked down by an inside fast ball, the batter
  slowly dusted himself off and prepared for the
  next pitch.
• Sonja Martinez, disturbed by the raucous behavior
  of her classmates, asked the counselor for a
  transfer.
• Infinitive phrases
• The most important team to beat this time is the
  Yankees.
• The counselor to see about college applications
  is Mrs. Strickland.
• Adjective subordinate clauses
• Maya, who missed 2 weeks of school due to
  pneumonia, asked for tutorial assistance from her
  teachers.
• The twenty-two answers that I missed on my Summer
  Reading Test certainly didnt help my grade.

46
Adverbs

• Definition a word, phrase, or clause that
  modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
  They answer six questions
• How?
• When?
• Where?
• Why?
• To what extent?
• Under what condition?

47
Adverbs

• Words as adverbs
• I cautiously approached the stray dog.
• We will attend the play tomorrow.
• He looked rather ridiculous in that chicken suit.
• The children ran outside to play after the
  thunderstorm.
• Prepositional phrases
• The children ran outside to play after the
  thunderstorm.
• Underneath the bed, Jolie hides from the storm.
• Infinitive phrases
• To irritate his older sister, Chris repeated
  every word.
• The children ran outside to play after the
  thunderstorm.
• Adverb subordinate clauses
• Because I could not locate my tennis shoes, I
  wore high heels to school.
• No one should fail a vocabulary quiz unless he
  forgets to study.

48
Prepositions

• Definition a word that connects the noun or
  pronoun that follows it to some other word in the
  clause or sentence.
• A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition
  and ends with a noun or pronoun, the object of
  the preposition.
• Examples
• to the moon
• in my neighbors yard
• Throughout the history of time and space

49
Common prepositionsKNOW!
50
Compound PrepositionsKNOW!
51
Prepositions Functions

• Prepositional phrases function as modifiers
  either adjectives or adverbs. (They can rarely
  function as nouns, but I am not going into that
  just yet.)
• Adjective prepositional phrases modify a noun or
  pronoun. They tell which one? Or what kind? about
  the noun or pronoun, and they DIRECTLY FOLLOW THE
  NOUN OR PRONOUN THEY MODIFY.
• Examples
• The bench beneath the elm trees needs repair.
• The debate concerning school vouchers is Friday.

52
Prepositions Functions

• Adverb prepositional phrases modify a verb,
  adjective, or an adverb. They tell how? when?
  where? why? to what extent? or under what
  condition? about the verb, adj, or adv. AdvPPs
  may appear anywhere in the sentence
• Kaneisha walked around the track 16 times.
• Underneath the open prairie sky, the imposing
  farm house stood alone.
• Mr. Davis exercises seriously because of health
  problems.

53
Conjunctions

• Definition a word that joins words, phrases, or
  clauses together
• Four types of conjunctions
• Coordinating and, or, nor, for, yet, so, but (
  or use acronym FANBOYS)
• Punctuation Rule When joining two independent
  clauses, you must place a comma before the
  conjunction She saw the art work, and she liked
  it.
• However, when joining words or phrases, no comma
  is necessary Freshmen and juniors must pay 15
  for their PSAT tests.
• Correlative work in pairs
• bothand
• eitheror
• neithernor
• not onlybut also

54
Conjunctions

• Conjunctive Adverbs (transition words) used to
  join independent clauses.
• to show contrast however, nevertheless, instead,
  on the other hand, still
• to add information furthermore, moreover, in
  addition
• to show the effect or result therefore,
  consequently, as a result
• To show similarities likewise, similarly
• To show the opposite of what is intended
  otherwise
• To emphasize a fact in a stronger or more
  specific way in fact, indeed
• Punctuation rule When joining two independent
  clauses together with a conjunctive adverb, put a
  semicolon before it and a comma after it
• I wanted to go to Europe therefore, I saved my
  money.

55
Subordinating Conjunctions

• Used to form a subordinate clause appear at
  beginning of sub clause.
• Usually begin adverb subordinate clauses. Those
  marked with asterisks may sometimes begin
  adjective or noun subordinate clauses.

56
Interjections

• Words or phrases that have no grammatical
  function but express emotion.
• Because they have no grammatical value, they
  should not appear in formal writing, only
  informal writing.
• Examples Oh! Golly gee willikers! Holy rusted
  metal, Batman! Whoa!

57
Review

• What parts of the sentence can nouns be?
• What phrases and clauses function as nouns?
• What parts of the sentence can pronouns be?
• What are the two categories of main verbs?
• What are the complements that follow action
  verbs?
• What are the complements that follow linking
  verbs?
• What are the four forms of the verb?
• What are the two verb forms that require a
  helping verb in front of them in order to
  function as a verb in the sentence?
• What are the 23 helping verbs?

58
Review

• Is a subject or complement in a prepositional
  phrase?
• What do adjectives modify?
• What are the questions that adjectives answer?
• What phrases and clauses function as adjectives?
• What do adverbs modify?
• What are the questions that adverbs answer?
• What phrases and clauses function as adverbs?