Assessment of Captive Broodstock Technologies

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Assessment of Captive Broodstock Technologies
Project 1993-056-00 Barry Berejikian Project
Leader Resource Enhancement and Utilization
Technologies Division Northwest Fisheries Science
Center National Marine Fisheries Service
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Project Organization
PSMFC Pacific States Marine Fisheries
Commission UW University of Washington FOA
Frank Orth Assocaties
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Rationale and Significance
NMFS 2000 FCRPS Biological Opinion Reforms of
existing hatchery programs and facilities that
began several years ago must be accelerated and
broadened to apply a variety of new and improved
artificial production techniques that include
supplementation, captive broodstock, and other
strategies designed to minimize the risk of
artificial production and/or maximize its
benefits. RPA 184 Hatchery research
monitoring and evaluation (Objective 1 5).
RPA 182 Determine the relative reproductive
success of hatchery and wild fish (Objective
1) RPA 107 Improve homing and reduce straying
(Objective 2)
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General Research Approach

• Conduct coordinated research on nutrition,
  physiology, microbiology, genetics, behavior, and
  ecology.
• Evaluate various quality parameters for
  ESA-listed captive broodstocks in cooperation
  with state and tribal agencies.
• Experimental studies on surrogate populations
  (e.g. Okanogan sockeye salmon Rapid River
  chinook salmon).

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Linkages to Basin Projects

• Captive broodstock projects (BPA 199700100,
  199107200, 199204000, 199801001, 199606700,
  200001900)
• Regular participation in Technical Oversight
  Committees
• - Research briefings
• - Input to management decisions
• 2. Convener of 2002 workshop on captive
  broodstocks
• 3. Research prioritization derived from captive
  broodstock program managers

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Objective 1. Improve Reintroduction Success

• Problem Reproductive performance of captive fish
  lt wild fish
• Approach
• Identify environmental factors that inhibit full
  reproductive potential of salmon released for
  natural spawning.
• Conduct controlled behavioral studies, apply DNA
  pedigree analyses, and monitor success of
  ESA-listed fish in natal streams.
• Hypotheses for FY03
• H01 Reducing seawater rearing temperature has
  no effect on reproductive behavior or
  adult-to-parr reproductive success of captively
  reared chinook salmon.
• H02 Freshwater acclimation temperature has no
  effect on reproductive behavior of captively
  reared chinook salmon

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Objective 2. Improve Olfactory Imprinting and
Homing
Problem Reintroduction of salmon from captive
broodstocks may result in elevated levels of
straying

• Approach Develop captive broodstock rearing and
  release strategies that will minimize straying.
• Determine the critical developmental period(s)
  and environmental conditions for olfactory
  imprinting in sockeye salmon
• a Expose fish to known odorants at key
  developmental stages
• b. Test for development of long-term memories
  of odorants.
• 2. Develop simple molecular and physiological
  assays for olfactory sensitivity and imprinting
  in salmon.

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Objective 3. Improve Physiological Development
and Maturation

• Problems Pacific salmon reared full-term in
  captivity exhibit early male age of maturity,
  seasonal delays in spawning time, and highly
  variable gamete quality or embryonic survival.
• Approach
• 1. Identify critical developmental periods
  when accelerated growth triggers the onset of
  maturation in chinook salmon
• 2. Manipulate growth during two periods of
  rearing and determine effects on egg size,
  fecundity, and timing of ovulation in spring
  chinook salmon.
• 3. Reduce temperature during the seawater
  rearing stage and determine effects on spawning
  time and fertility of eggs in chinook salmon.
• 4. Create single parent crosses to separate
  gender effects on fertilization rates and
  survival of embryos in Redfish Lake sockeye
  salmon.

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Objective 4. Treat and Prevent Bacterial Kidney
Disease in Pacific Salmon Captive Broodstocks
Problem BKD is a major cause of mortality in
salmon captive broodstocks.

• Approach
• Determine pharmokinetics and bactericidal
  activity of azithromycin on R. salmoninarum
• Determine whether vertically-transmitted R.
  salmoninarum infections can be eliminated in
  first-feeding chinook salmon using
  azithromycin-medicated starter feed
• Determine whether R. salmoninarum in
  vertically-infected juvenile chinook salmon can
  be cleared using azithromycin-medicated feed up
  to smoltification age
• Determine whether a strategy of vaccination with
  a cellular vaccine will augment azithromycin
  treatment and thus increase the effectiveness of
  clearing the pathogen from a susceptible
  population

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Objective 5. Evaluate Effects of Inbreeding and
Inbreeding Depression

• Problem Inbreeding in captive salmon
  populations may lead to reduced fitness
  (i.e., inbreeding depression)
• Approach
• Continue a two-generation controlled inbreeding
  study that ultimately compares F2 inbred groups
  to randomly mated controls.
• 2. Quantify effects of inbreeding on
  stage-specific survival, growth and development
  rate, and meristic and morphometric variation.
• 3. Evaulate inbreeding effects in captive
  broodstock and smolt-release groups.

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Project Strengths

• Publication track record
• Facilities
• Expertise
• Coordination with broodstock programs