Biology 101

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Biology 101

• Spring 2007

Mader Biology, 8th Ed.
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Contact information

• Amy Messersmith-Love
• E-mail amessers_at_med.sc.edu
• www.midlandstech.edu/science/
• messersmith-love

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Text

• Biology, 9th Edition
• by Silvia S. Mader

Mader Biology, 9th Ed.
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Course Breakdown

• 5 Exams
• Exam 1 Chapters 1-3
• Exam 2 Chapters 4-9
• Exam 3 Chapters 10-16
• Exam 4 Chapters 17-19, 32
• Exam 5 Chapters 46-49
• Final Cummulative

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Schedule
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Biology

• Fundamental question

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What is life?

• Living things are organized
• Living things acquire materials and energy
• Living things respond
• Living things reproduce and develop
• Living things adapt

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Living things are organized

• Smallest unit of life is the cell
• Emergent properties each level of organization
  is more complex than the level preceding it and
  has properties beyond those of the former level

Organism ? Population ? Community ?
Ecosystem ? Biosphere
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Organization
Cell ? Tissue ? Organ ? Systems ?
Organism
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Living things acquire materials and energy

• Energy the capacity to do work
• Work is required to maintain organization within
  the organism
• Metabolism all of the chemical reactions within
  a cell
• Photosynthesis transformation of solar energy
  to chemical energy
• Homeostasis maintenance of internal conditions
  within certain boundaries

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Grassland ecosystem
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Living things respond

• Living organisms interact with their environment
• The ability to respond to ones environment helps
  to ensure the survival of the organism

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Living things reproduce and develop

• Reproduce make another organism similar to self
  
• Unicellular organisms
• Multicellular organisms
• Developmental instructions within the genome

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Living things adapt

• Adaptation modifications that make an organism
  suited to its way of life
• Natural selection process of adaptation by
  which organisms are modified over time
• Descent with modifications idea that all
  species descend from one common ancestor

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Biosphere Organization

• Biosphere zone of air, land, and water at the
  surface of the earth where living organisms are
  found
• Population all members of one species
• Community interacting populations
• Ecosystem encompasses community and the
  physical environment
• Climate

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Marine ecosystem
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Human population

• Greatly affects the ecosystem
• Human influence on ecosystem can be detrimental
  to biodiversity
• Biodiversity total number of species,
  variability in their genes, and ecosystem
• Extinction loss of a species

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Classification

• Taxonomy discipline of identifying and
  classifying organisms
• Categories
• Domain ?
• Kingdom ?
• Phylum ?
• Class ?
• Order ?
• Family ?
• Genus ?
• Species

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Domains

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya

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Kingdoms Within domain Eukarya

• Protista
• Plantae

• Fungi
• Animalia

Euglena
Coprinus
Rosa
Felis
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Scientific Name

• Binomial name
• Genus
• Species
• Examples
• Escherichia coli
• Homo sapiens
• Gallus gallus

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Classification
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Scientific process
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Observation

• Using the senses to examine a natural phenomenon
• Often employs instrumentation to enhance the
  senses
• Microscopes
• Spectrophotometers

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Hypothesis

• Possible explanation for a natural event
• Inductive reasoning when creative thinking is
  used to combine isolated facts into a cohesive
  whole

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Experiments/Further Observations

• To test the validity of the hypothesis
• Employs deductive reasoning
• Allows for a prediction to be made

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Experimental Design

• Manner in which the experiment is conducted
• Control experimental group that undergoes the
  some conditions/treatment as all others but lacks
  the factor/condition being tested
• Model representation of an organism/group

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Data

• Results of the experiment
• Objective
• Observable
• Often subjected to statistical analysis

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Conclusion

• Determined after objective analysis of data
• Based on observed phenomenon and previous work

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Scientific Theory

• Concepts that join together well-supported and
  related hypotheses

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Controlled Study

• Experimental Variable
• Factor of the experiment being tested
• Dependent Variable
• Result that occurs due to the experimental
  variable

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Field Study
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Classic Experiment

• Hypothesis
• Prediction
• Experimental Design
• Control Group
• Test Groups
• Results
• Conclusion

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