DEMO

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APPROACH AND DEPARTURE ARTICULATION/MODULATION/
ENUNCIATION/ PRONOUNCIATION ARTIFICIAL
QUESTION BREATHE COMFORTABLE ENUNCIATION ENT
HUSIASM EYE CONTACT
OVERUSE OF THE CONJUNCTIONS AND AS WELL AS
SO. PACE OF SPEAKING PASSION PAUSE PERFORMAN
CE AS PRESENTATION POWERPOINT POSTURE PROJECTI
ON
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RIGID STANCE SIGNPOSTING SPEAK FROM THE
HEART TRAILOFF TRANSITORY FILLERS VERBAL
PUNCTUATION VISUAL AIDS  
GOALS HAND MOVEMENTS HUMOUR JUDICIOUS USE OF
NOTES LECTERN LONG SENTENCES
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Functions of Informative Speaking

• Empowers listeners by sharing information
• Shapes audience perceptions of topic
• Clarifies complex activities

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Learning Information

• Motivation
• Attention
• Retention

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Attention Getters

• Repetition
• Novelty
• Activity
• Relevance

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Helping Listeners Learn

• Develop a novel approach to topic
• Show listeners how they benefit
• Sustain attention with examples/stories
• Organize material clearly
• Use strategic repetition
• Provide summaries

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Speech Designs

• Spatial
• Sequential
• Categorical
• Comparative

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Spatial Design

• Take listeners on verbal journey
• Move in an orderly manner
• Build interest as you progress

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Sequential Design Process

• Determine necessary steps
• Determine order of steps

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Sequential Design Historical

• Begin at start and move forward
• Begin at present and move back
• Dont jump around

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Categorical Design

• Natural or customary divisions
• Must organize large amount of material
• Begin and end with most important ideas
• Limit number of categories

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Comparative Design

• New, abstract, technical, or difficult topics
• Relate to something listeners understand
• Direct point-by-point comparison
• Analogy
• Literal
• Figurative
• Comparison and contrast

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REMEMBER

• ORGANIZE

• ORGANIZE

• ORGANIZE

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Shoulders Head Positioning

• Confident Positive
• Shoulders upright
• Head up
• Smile
• Full of energy
• Ready to perform
• I am great!

• Nervous Negative
• Shoulders drooping
• Head down
• Frown
• Low energy
• Not ready
• Im no good!

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Typical Signs of Nervousness

• Fist clenching
• Faster, jerkier gestures
• Sweaty hands and armpits
• Cracking voice
• Increased rate of speech
• Clearing of the throat
• Pulling at skin
• Frequent smoothing of hair
• Standing on sides of feet rather than flat on
  floor

• Increased blinking of the eyes
• Failure to make eye contact
• Looking at the floor
• Shaking legs
• Licking and biting lips
• Clenching teeth
• Finger tapping
• Jittery hands
• Toes wiggling

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Delivery Donts

• Tell audience youre nervous
• Let support material replace you
• Look uncomfortable
• Apologize
• Be unnatural
• Focus on yourself

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Weasel Words Weaken
A large number of (many). As a general rule
(generally). As you may or may not know (as you
may know). Despite the fact that (although).
During the course of (during). Hold a
meeting (meet). In a timely manner (soon). In
many cases (often). In the event that (if).
Make a recommendation that (recommend).
Perform an analysis of (analyze).
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The following list gives you weasel words and
phrases to use sparingly And/or As
circumstances dictate
Make an effort to More or less On occasion

Good
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Grammar Gremlins
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I/me/myself. Reflexive pronouns (myself,
yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves,
themselves, yourselves) present another area of
concern. A reflexive pronoun emphasizes or
reflects another noun or pronoun, usually the
subject of the sentence. In the sentence, I
booked the flight myself, myself emphasizes the
subject, I. Bob and myself will conduct the
interviews, Please call Bob or myself if you
have a question.
COMPOUND SUBJECT
BOB AND I
ME
OBJECT OF VERB CALL
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Possessive Pronouns Vs. Contractions Its (the
possessive of it) versus its (the contraction of
it is/has). Its toner cartridge is empty. Its
time to change it. Whose (the possessive of
who) versus whos (the contraction of who
is/has). Whose desk is this? Whos your boss?
Your/yours (possessives of you) versus youre
(the contraction of you are). Your timesheet is
due. Youre going to have to complete it.
Whose?
Your?
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Pervasive Imposters Affect How do your
reviews affect your salary? Effect What effect
does the review process have on your performance?
Irregardless (An illiterate form of regardless
that you should never use!) Regardless Ill
write this report uncensored, regardless of what
management thinks. Nauseated The announcement
about the layoffs nauseated me. Nauseous That
cleaner has a nauseous odour. Weather With
everyones cooperation, our company can weather
this downturn. Whether Marcy wondered whether or
not to volunteer for the assignment.
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Dont confuse adverbs and adjectives that are
totally different words Your presentation
went great should read, Your presentation
went well, because went is a verb and
requires an adverbial modifier (well). Great
is an adjective.
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Faulty Constructions A clause or phrase
dangles when its logic disagrees with the
subject of a sentence. Dangling constructions
often occur with elliptical clauses or gerund,
infinitive, or participial phrases. An
elliptical clause omits one or more words that
are needed for logic When three years old,
the employees in our department will celebrate
its anniversary. (The employees are probably
much older!) Correction When the department
is three years old, its employees will celebrate
its anniversary. You can avoid many dangling
constructions by using the active rather than the
passive voice.
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GERUND PHRASES
A gerund phrase employs a verb ending in ing
and used as a noun By signing this
agreement, our partnership will take effect. (A
partnership itself cannot sign an agreement.)
Correction By signing this agreement, you
will place our partnership into effect.
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• Practical considerations in the use of PowerPoint

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Remember . . . ! ! !

• the bottom line is
• communication
• If your readers notice the type, before the
  message,
• YOU are not communicating.

NO MORE THAN 3 TYPES. ITS BEST TO STICK TO ONE
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• Simplicity
• Visibility
• Clarity

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Simplicity

• Limit the AMOUNT of information
• e.g. Avoid FINE DETAIL where possible
• e.g. Avoid COMPLICATED diagrams
• e.g. Avoid LARGE BLOCKS OF CLOSELY SPACED TEXT
  WHICH LOOK SOMETHING LIKE THIS AND DISSUADES
  READING OF WHAT YOU HAVE.
• Use KEY WORDS

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REMEMBER THE K I S S PRINCIPLE
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BEWARE

• text format
• transitions
• colour schemes
• too many fancy graphics. Remember-only the
  instructor is allowed to be gaudy and excessive.

(Source The Introspective Dreams of Franklin
Ramsoomair-Yet to be written)
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Keep your main points inside the ESSENTIAL
MESSAGE AREA or HOT SPOT
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Visibility

• SIZE (MINIMUM 20 POINT)
• NO MORE THAN 5 MAIN POINTS
• NO MORE THAN 3 COLOURS

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A Rule of Thumb for visual design
Under normal circumstances an slide should
contain no more than 5 - 7 lines of text
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A Rule of Thumb for OHP visual design
Under normal circumstances a slide should
contain no more than 5 - 7 lines of text 20 -
40 characters per line
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Visibility
THE AUDIENCE SHOULD BE ABLE TO DISCERN THE SLIDE
AT A DISTANCE OF 3 METRES AWAY.
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Clarity

• use COLOUR for
• clarification
• emphasis
• attention getting
• variety
• A maximum of 3 colours, please

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Colour

• Is important, but not always essential
• When it is an essential attribute the
  colour being shown needs to be the correct
  colour.
• AND

BEWARE of large areas of RED
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BEST COLOUR COMBINATIONS
BLACK on YELLOW
BLUE on WHITE
YELLOW on BLACK
WHITE on BLUE
BLACK on WHITE
WHITE on GREEN
WHITE on BLACK
BLACK on GREEN
(Munter, 2003)
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C L I C H E S? NO!
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Rules for Writing (1 of 3) -Prepositions are
not words to end sentences with. -Avoid
cliches like the plague. -Eschew ampersands
abbreviations, etc. -Comparisons are as bad as
cliches. -Don't be redundant and don't use
more words than necessary because it's highly
superfluous.
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Rules for Writing (2 of 3) -Be more or less
specific. -Exaggeration is a billion times
worse than understatement!! -One-word
sentences? Eliminate. -Sentences without
verbs--bad idea. -Avoid run-on sentences they
are hard to read.
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Rules for Writing (3 of 3) -Don't use no
double negatives. -Verbs has to agree with
their subjects. -Avoid commas, that are not
necessary. -Use parallel structure when you
write and in speaking. -Proofread carefully
to see if you any words out.
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Several types of formal writing exist. Academic
writing. Legalese Moreover, aforementioned,
the party of the first part, hereinafter Gestap
o prose Therefore it is clear that...
Naturally... Of course... Obviously...
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How to Write Official Start with a simple
statement Our group did not finish the
project. Put it in the passive (Dilute
responsibility) The project was not finished by
our group. Drop the agent of the action (Deny
responsibility) The project was not
finished. Expand terminology (Distract your
reader) Thus the project was naturally not
finished at that point in time. Add a noun
string- any three Bureaucrat-isms Thus, the
cross-functional, integrative,
organizational project was naturally not
finished at that point in time. Add a
which and a that (your meaning is
effectively disguised) Thus, the
cross-functional, integrative organizational
project, to which countless hours that went
unrecorded were painstakingly devoted, was
naturally not finished at that point in
time.
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Clichés Clichés are the frozen food of
writing fast and convenient, but you wouldnt
serve it hoping to impress anyone. Develop an
awareness of and an intolerance for clichés.
Clichés convey to your reader one very clear
message you have nothing original to say.  It
goes without saying In the final analysis At
that point in time In todays society The be
all and end all Last but not least Tried and
true When you get right down to it Take the
bull by the horns Bite the bullet Wake up and
smell the coffee Been there, done that