Lead in General Industry

1
Lead in General Industry
2
Applicability

• The regulation on lead applies to all
  occupational exposure to lead, except for the
  construction industry and agricultural operations

1a
3
Applicability

• Definitions
• Lead
• Action level
• Permissible exposure limit

1b
4
Processes that use lead

• Exposure to lead occurs in at least 120 different
  occupations including
• Primary and secondary lead smelting
• Lead storage battery manufacturing

2a
5
Processes that use lead

• Lead pigment manufacturing and use
• Solder manufacturing and use
• Shipbuilding/repairing

2b
6
Processes that use lead

• Auto manufacturing
• Printing

2c
7
Exposure monitoring

• Initial monitoring
• Required when lead is present in any quantity
• Monitor a representative number of employees
• The sample must be collected for one full shift
  for at least 7 hours

3a
8
Exposure monitoring

• Initial monitoring
• Sample must be representative of a regular, daily
  exposure
• Sample represents an exposure without the use of
  a respirator

3b
9
Exposure monitoring

• Positive initial determination
• Negative initial determination

3c
10
Exposure monitoring

• Frequency of exposure monitoring
• Employee notification process

3d
11
Methods of compliance

• Engineering controls
• Work practice controls
• Mechanical ventilation
• Administrative controls

4a
12
Respiratory protection

• Situations requiring the use of respiratory
  protection
• Selection process
• Proper usage of respirators

5a
13
Respiratory protection

• Review Appendix D of 1910.1025 (qualitative fit
  tests)
• Respirator program

5b
14
Compliance program

• Workers can examine or copy the written program
• Written programs are revised/updated every 6
  months

6a
15
Compliance program

• Written programs should include the following
  items
• Each operation from which lead is emitted
• Description of the specific means of reducing
  exposures

6b
16
Compliance program

• Air monitoring data
• Detailed schedule of program implementation
• Work practice programs

6c
17
Compliance program

• Administration control schedule
• Other relevant information

6d
18
Protective clothing and equipment

• Used if the exposure, regardless of the use of
  respirators is greater than the PEL, or if skin
  or eye irritation exists

7a
19
Protective clothing and equipment

• Types of protective clothing to be used
• Coveralls
• Gloves, hats, shoes, disposable shoe coverlets
• Face shields, vented goggles, other appropriate
  protective equipment

7b
20
Protective clothing and equipment

• Protective clothing is provided on a weekly
  basis, or daily if the exposure is greater than
  200 micrograms/cubic meter of air

7c
21
Protective clothing and equipment

• Removal of protective equipment at the end of
  the shift
• Designated closed containers

7d
22
Protective clothing and equipment

• Container labeling should read

7e
23
Protective clothing and equipment

• Never remove lead from clothing by blowing,
  shaking, or any other means
• Persons who launder must be informed of the
  potential harmful effects of lead exposure

7f
24
Hygiene facilities and practices

• No food or beverage, tobacco products, or
  cosmetics may be used in areas that exceed the
  PEL
• Change rooms and separate storage facilities for
  protective clothing

8a
25
Hygiene facilities and practices

• Employees working in an area with an exposure
  level greater than the PEL must shower at the end
  of the work shift
• Procedures for lunchroom use
• Lavatory facilities use

8b
26
Housekeeping procedures

• Housekeeping procedures can increase the amount
  of lead exposure
• Establish a program that keeps all surfaces clean
  of accumulations of lead dust

9a
27
Medical surveillance

• Medical surveillance is required whenever
  employees are exposed above the action level for
  more than 30 days per year

10a
28
Medical surveillance

• Medical exams and procedures are done by, or
  under the supervision of, a licensed physician at
  no cost to the employee, and at a reasonable
  place and time

10b
29
Biological monitoring

• Sampling frequency

11a
30
Biological monitoring

• Employees receive written notification of test
  results within 5 working days of employer receipt
  of the results when the blood lead level exceeds
  either

11b
31
Biological monitoring

• 40 micrograms/100 grams of whole blood or the
• medical removal value of 60 micrograms/per 100
  grams of whole blood

11c
32
Medical examinations and consultations

• Frequency of examinations/consultations

12a
33
Medical examinations and consultations

• Medical examinations include
• medical history
• work history
• thorough physical examination

12b
34
Medical examinations and consultations

• blood pressure measurement
• blood sample and analysis
• routine urinalysis
• other tests deemed necessary

12c
35
Medical examinations and consultations

• Employees have the right to select a second
  physician
• to review findings, determination, or
  recommendations of the initial physician
• to conduct examinations, consultations, and lab
  work that the second physician deems necessary

12d
36
Medical examinations and consultations

• Procedures for obtaining a second physician's
  review and resolving differences in
• findings
• determinations
• recommendations

12e
37
Medical examinations and consultations

• Findings, determinations, or recommendations of
  the third physician will be followed unless the
  employee and employer come to an agreement on one
  of the three physicians recommendations

12f
38
Medical examinations and consultations

• Information provided to physicians upon request
• a copy of the regulation
• a description of employees duties
• employee exposure levels
• PPE to be used
• prior blood lead determinations
• prior written medical opinions

12g
39
Medical examinations and consultations

• Information contained in written medical opinions
• Chelation

12h
40
Employee medical removal and return to work

• Conditions that can cause temporary medical
  removal
• Workers return to former job status
• Medical removal benefit protection

13a
41
Training

• Who needs training?
• Types of training
• Workers exposed to airborne lead at any level -
  Review Appendices A and B of 29 CFR 1910.1025

14a
42
Training

• Workers exposed to airborne lead at or above the
  action level
• Frequency of training
• Training materials

14b
43
Signs and markings

• Text for warning signs should read as follows

15a
44
Recordkeeping

• Contents of exposure monitoring records
• Procedures for medical surveillance records

16a
45
Recordkeeping

• Maintenance of medical removal records
• Medical records must be made available to
  employees

16b
46
Exposure monitoring

• All protective measures must be followed
• Measurement procedures

17a
47
Exposure monitoring

• Employees have a right to observe monitoring
• Employees can record results or receive copies of
  results

17b
48
How lead enters the body

• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Generally not absorbed through skin

18a
49
Effects of acute overexposure

• Large dosages can kill in a matter of days
• Acute encephalopathy can lead to seizures, coma,
  and cardiorespiratory arrest

19a
50
Effects of chronic overexposure

• Damage to
• Blood-forming system
• Nervous system
• Kidneys

• Urinary system
• Reproductive systems

20a
51
Purpose of the standard, program, and training

• Prevent adverse effects of lead exposure

21a
52
Signs and symptoms of overexposure

• Loss of appetite
• Metallic taste
• Anxiety
• Constipation

22a
53
Signs and symptoms of overexposure

• Nausea
• Pallor
• Excessive tiredness
• Weakness

22b
54
Signs and symptoms of overexposure

• Insomnia
• Headaches
• Nervous irritability
• Muscle and joint pain or soreness

22c
55
Signs and symptoms of overexposure

• Fine tremors
• Numbness
• Dizziness

22d
56
Signs and symptoms of overexposure

• Hyperactivity
• Colic

22e
57
Summary of main points

• PEL and action level
• Exposure monitoring
• Methods of compliance
• Respiratory protection

23a
58
Summary of main points

• Protective work clothing and equipment
• Housekeeping
• Hygiene facilities and practices
• Medical surveillance

23b
59
Summary of main points

• Medical removal protection
• Training
• Warning signs
• Recordkeeping

23c
60
Summary of main points

• Ways of entry into the body
• Signs and symptoms of overexposure
• Effects of overexposure

23d