Statehood, Slavery,

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Statehood, Slavery, the Civil War

• Tracy Hendrickson
• 2006

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Objectives

• Students will be able to summarize the events
  that led to the Civil War.
• Students will be able to explain Missouris role
  in the Civil War.
• Students will be able to identify and describe
  the impact the Civil War had on Missouri as well
  as the U.S.

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Statehood

• October 1, 1812
• Part of Louisiana Territory renamed Missouri
  Territory
• An area can become a territory when 60,000 people
  live within borders
• William Clark governor
• 1818 Missouri asked to become a state
• Problem Slave state or free state?
• Solution Henry Clays Missouri Compromise
  (allowed MO to join Union as a slave state, Maine
  as a free state)
• August 10, 1821- Missouri becomes the 24th state
  to join the Union

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Slavery

• The act of being owned by another person and made
  to work without pay
• First 11 slaves captured in 1619 in Africa
• Most slaves were brought to America in chains on
  crowded ships
• Reached America sold as slaves

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Slaves

• No freedoms not even allowed to read or write
• Considered property
• Could not own their own property
• Worked from sunup to sundown, except for Sundays
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
• Allowed slave owners or their agents to capture
  fugitive slaves in any state or territory

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Underground Railroad

• A series of path and trails that led runaway
  (fugitive) slaves from one shelter to the next
  where they could hide for a short time to eat and
  rest before continuing their journey to freedom
  in the North or Canada

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Secrets

• Secret Organizations
• Included both whites and freed blacks
• Quakers members of a religious group that
  strongly opposed slavery
• Secret Codes
• Conductor person who went into slave states led
  slaves to freedom
• Station safe place to hide
• Station Master supervised safe places
• Drinking Gourd river
• Passenger Escaping slave
• North Star compass used for direction

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Abolitionist

• People who worked to outlaw slavery
• Many German immigrants were abolitionist
• Abolitionist from Missouri include
• John Berry Meachum who was a Baptist minister
  from St.Louis. He opened a school for African
  Americans aboard a ship anchored in the
  Mississippi river in 1847.

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Dred Scott

• Enslaved man who went to court in 1846 to argue
  that he and his wife should be free because his
  owner had taken them from Missouri to other
  states where slavery is illegal.
• 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the
  Scotts. This ruling became known as the Dred
  Scott Decision.
• This decision said that enslaved people were
  property, not citizens, and therefore had NO
  rights. Their owners could take them to any
  state, slave or free, and they would still be
  slaves. The Dred Scott decision caused the
  Missouri Compromise to become illegal.
• Southerners happy-Northerners angry!

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Fugitive Slave Law 1850

• Made it illegal to help a slave escape
• Made it mandatory for a federal marshall to
  assist in the recapture of runaways

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Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

• Allowed both states to vote on whether or not to
  allow slavery
• Conflict
• Both sides afraid the other would gain more power
• MO afraid slaves would run away to Kansas if it
  was a free state
• Border Ruffians Missourians who crossed the
  border into Kansas carrying guns and attacking
  settlers who didnt want slavery
• Jayhawkers Kansas people who did not want
  slavery made raids into Missouri
• Fighting lasted 4 years
• 200 people killed
• 2 million worth of property destroyed

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NORTH

• More people lived here
• More cities factories
• Farmers lived on small farms
• Mainly raised things to eat (corn, wheat, cattle,
  hogs)
• Wanted to impose a special tax tariff on
  imports
• Did not want slavery
• Some of them did not want African Americans
  living in the north either

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SOUTH

• Mostly farmers
• Not many factories
• Many lived on small farms
• Also had large farms called Plantations
• Cotton was 1 crop
• Some farmers and Plantation owners had slaves
• Did not agree with the tariff imposed by the
  North
• Allowed slavery

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Controversy Begins

• Tariffs taxes on goods brought in from another
  country
• Northerners wanted to tax imports
• Southerners angry believed tariffs only helped
  factories in the North
• Slavery
• Northern States did not allow slavery
• Southern States wanted to expand slavery
• States Rights belief that each state should be
  allowed to decide laws for themselves

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Abraham Lincoln

• Became president of the Union in 1860
• Against slavery
• Northerners supported Lincoln
• Believed his job was to keep Union together as one

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Secession

• South was afraid national government would get
  rid of slavery and end their way of life
• Already more free states than slave states
• South wanted states rights allowing states to
  have more control
• South Carolina is first to secede from Union
  December 20, 1860

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Confederate States of America

• Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama,
  Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, North Carolina,
  Virginia later secede in 1861 to join South
  Carolina in making up this new country
• Elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as
  President February 9, 1861

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To Secede or Not Secede?

• February 1861- Missouris new governor, Claiborne
  Fox Jackson, met to decide if Missouri should
  secede
• Jackson wanted to join the Confederacy (remember
  Missouri was a slave state!)
• Missouri decided to stay in the Union because 4
  out of the 6 border states chose to stay in the
  Union. This caused many problems among
  neighbors, friends, and even among families.

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United States Divides
Confederate States
Union States
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Civil War Begins

• Confederate cannons fired the first shots at Fort
  Sumter in South Carolina on April 12, 1861
• Battle lasted 2 days

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1st Major Battle

• Battle of Bull Run
• Muddy stream near Washington, D.C.
• July 21, 1861
• Ended with a victory for the south

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Commander in Chief

• November 1, 1861 General George B. McClellan
  become the U.S. Army commander in chief

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Robert E. Lee

• Lincoln asked Robert E. Lee of Virginia to
  command the Union Army
• Lee declined because he wanted to remain loyal to
  the south even though he was against slavery
• Lee became the Commander of the Confederate Army
  in 1862

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Ulysses S. Grant

• 1st battle as a brigadier general for the 21st
  Illinois Infantry was fought at Belmont, Missouri
  were he was defeated.
• Began to win major battles during the war and was
  commissioned by President Abraham Lincoln to lead
  Union forces on March 9, 1864, giving Grant
  command of all the Union armies.
• Eventually became a full general, the first since
  George Washington.
• Grant was able to lead the Union to victory in
  the American Civil War when he called for Gen.
  Lees surrender in April of 1865.
• In 1868, he became the 18th president of the U.S.

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Civil War in Missouri

• Claiborne F. Jackson forced to leave Jefferson
  City because he supported the South
• North controlled Missouri during the war
• Larger Battles in Missouri
• Most occurred when confederates tried to take
  Missouri away from North
• Battle of Wilsons Creek
• Smaller Battles
• Jefferson City
• Booneville
• Lexington
• Kansas City

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Missouri Battles Map
http//americancivilwar.com/statepic/mo.html
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Timeline of Battles in Missouri
Iuka Union Victory September 19-20, 1862
Wilsons Creek Confederate Victory August 10, 1861
Westport Union Victory October 23, 1864
May 10, 1861 Camp Jackson Union Victory
November 7, 1861 Belmont Confederate Victory
October 3-4, 1862 Corinth Union Victory
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Battle of Wilsons Creek

• August 10, 1861 near Springfield, Missouri
• Confederate General Sterling Price led his troops
  against General Nathaniel Lyons Union troops
• 1 out of every 6 men killed or injured
• Lyon injured and soon died
• General Price forced Union army to retreat
• Became largest Civil War battle fought on
  Missouri soil

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Battle of Lexington

• Price marched his men north to Lexington,
  Missouri near the Missouri River
• Built on a hill, confederate troops needed a way
  to protect themselves from gunfire soaked hemp
  bales in Missouri River to stop lead bullets
• Price and his confederate troops captured
  Lexington

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Document created by President Abraham Lincoln in
  September of 1862
• Stated that as of January 1, 1863, all enslaved
  people in the Confederacy would be free
• Also included any slaves living in the Union who
  were owned by people who supported the Union
• Most slaves were not freed until January 11, 1865
• Missouri became the first state in the Union to
  free all enslaved people

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Confederacy Weakens

• After a ten month battle in the capital of the
  Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia, supplies for the
  Confederate troops were scarce.
• Many soldiers were ill and thousands even
  deserted the Confederacy.
• Union troops took Richmond, and General Grant
  ordered his troops to continue pursuing
  Confederate troops as they retreated. This
  continued for 90 miles until Lees men reached
  Appomattax Court House. Supplies of food still
  had not arrived.

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Southern Surrender

• General Grant sent a message under a flag of
  truce to the camp of General Lee offering to
  accept his surrender.
• April 9, 1865 The Confederacy (South) led by
  General Robert E. Lee surrenders to the Unions
  (North) General Ulysses S. Grant.
• Nearly 620,000 soldiers had died

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Activities
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Citations, Credit, References

• Primary Sources Teaching Kit Civil War.
  Baicker, Karen. Scholastic, Inc. 2003.
• Missouri Then Now
• Missouri Macmillan/McGraw-Hill
• The Complete Civil War. Katcher, Philip.
  Cassell Book, 1992.