Unit 8

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Unit 8

• Cloning

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Cloning

• In genetic engineering, cloning refers to the
  copying of DNA molecules.
• DNA A nucleic acid that carries the genetic
  information in the cell and is capable of
  self-replication and synthesis of RNA.

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Text AA Clone is Born

• Please scan the first three paragraphs to see
  where a tense change takes place.
• Para 1 2 act as introduction to the whole
  essay.
• Text Organization Exercise 1 (P266)

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• This is a piece of journalistic writing about
  science and ethics. What important role do Para 1
  2 play?
• Eye-catching introduction

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1. Clone

• 1) n. ??
• Researchers produced clones from adult mice in
  1998.
• Although two clones are identical genetically,
  they may develop in different way.

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• 2) v.
• Researchers in Japan have cloned eight calves
  from the cells of a single adult cow.
• The idea of cloning extinct life forms still
  belongs to science fiction.
• Experiments to try to clone human embryos have
  met with hostility from some sections of the
  public.

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2. Give birth to

• 1) ?(??)
• Although a mother panda often gives birth to two
  cubs, she usually abandons one of them without
  attempting to care for it.
• The research has shown that mothers who smoke
  give birth more frequently to premature or
  underweight babies.

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• 2) ??????
• The extraordinary experience gave birth to his
  latest novel.
• Einstein gave birth to a whole new way of looking
  at matter and energy.

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3. For all the world

• ???????
• I felt for all the world as if I was still a
  child.
• He looked for all the world like a country doctor.

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4. Dot

• 1) vt. ???
• dot dotted - dotted
• From the top floor we could see the trees dotting
  the landscape.
• The sky was dotted with stars.

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• 2) n. ?
• He forgot the dot on the letter i and so it
  looked like an 1.
• The stars just look like thousands of tiny dots
  of light.
• Exercise P271 No.3 1)

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Main Idea of Part One

• Dolly the sheep, a clone, was born.

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5. Union

• n. ??????
• Marriage is a socially recognized and approved
  union between individuals.
• Labor unions bargained with employers to
  determine issues such as wages, conditions of
  work, and worker security.
• Union is strength.

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6. Fuse

• v. ????
• followed by with
• Genes determine how we develop from the moment
  the sperm fuses with the egg.
• The hearts of all the members fuse into one.

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7. Gene

• ??
• Genetics is the study of the function and
  behavior of genes.
• The Human Genome Project has so far identified
  nearly all of the estimated 31,000 genes in the
  nucleus of a human cell.
• The DNA is divided into units called genes, just
  like a long train is divided into separate cars.

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8. Take up

• ??,????(????)
• The hunter took up his quarters in a hut.
• As the crowd grew, riot police took up their
  positions.
• UN peacekeeping forces are expected to take up
  positions along the Afghanistan border.

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9. Residence

• n. ??
• He took up his permanent residence in China.
• Campus residence halls provide common settings
  for students to form new bonds with peers who
  share similar experiences.
• More immigrants were admitted to the United
  States for permanent residence in recent years.

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10. Identical

• a. ????????
• followed by to
• The journalist David Rorvik wrote a true story of
  a billionaires quest to produce a son identical
  to himself.
• Although Euro bills are identical in all
  countries, each country can issue its own coins.

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11. Twin

• n. ?????
• The two boys looked like twins.
• He has a twin brother and a younger brother.
• Unlike my friend, I think there are many positive
  aspects to being a twin.

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12. Beforehand

• ad. ??
• Catherine got married without telling anyone
  beforehand.
• Mum had done most of the cooking beforehand, so
  we weren't tied to the kitchen.

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13. Oppose

• vt. ??
• My father opposed my wish to become a musician.
• The local residents strongly opposed the chemical
  companies dumping their waste in the sea.

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Be opposed to

• ??
• We are utterly opposed to any form of terrorism.
• They are strongly opposed to the presence of
  American troops in this region.

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14. Theoretical

• a. ???
• Information theory is primarily a theoretical
  study.
• With his brilliant theoretical work, Albert
  Einstein revolutionized 20th-century physics.
• Aristotle defined the basic concepts and
  principles of many of the theoretical sciences,
  such as logic, biology and physics.

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15. In principle

• ???
• In principle, clones may even be essentially
  immortal, dying only from disease or the
  deterioration of the environment.
• In principle, Quantum theory could be used to
  predict the behavior of any physical, chemical,
  or biological system.

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16. Offensive

• a. ???,???
• Minority groups are protected from hateful and
  offensive speech and actions on campus.
• The document did not appear to contain any
  offensive statements.

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Main Idea of Part Two

• Dollys birth has made cloning a reality and
  human cloning a possibility.

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17. Compromise

• 1) n. ???????
• In order to reduce carbon monoxide emissions from
  motor vehicles but at the same time develop the
  industry, a compromise was reached.
• The two countries continued to have difficulties
  reaching a compromise on a solution to the
  problem of acid rain.

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• 2) v.
• compromise with sb. over sth.
• compromise on sth.
• The government has compromised with its critics
  over monetary policies.
• Israel had originally wanted 1 billion in aid,
  but compromised on the 650 million.

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18. Potential

• 1) n. ??
• The potential of abuse of genetic engineering has
  presented society with many ethical and legal
  controversies.
• The best single indicator of a states
  great-power potential may be its total Gross
  Domestic Product (GDP).
• Volcanoes have the potential to create some of
  the planets most formidable natural disasters.

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• 2) a. ???
• In large cities with a million or more potential
  customers, there are much larger clothing stores
  with many more choices of items and styles.
• In the article Wilmut discussed potential medical
  uses for cloning, and ethical issues surrounding
  cloning technology.
• Scientists can only speculate on the potential
  impact of the depletion of the ozone layer.

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19. Tolerate

• vt. ??
• College president sent letters to every student
  saying that drugs on campus would not be
  tolerated.
• Teachers will not tolerate cheating on exams,
  just as parents will not let their children lie
  and get away with it.
• Exercise P271 No.3 5)

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20. Ancient

• a. ???,???
• Furniture designs have reflected the fashion of
  every era from ancient times to the present.
• Hebrew is an ancient language that became
  extinct, but has now been brought back to life
  and is spoken today.

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21. Catalog

• (also catalogue) ??
• Users outside the library can access millions of
  bibliographic records, including the entire card
  catalog, through the Internet.
• Dell sells its products directly to customers
  through the Internet and mail order catalogs
  rather than through retail outlets.

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22. Terrify

• ???,???
• Flying has terrified some people since the
  terrorists attack on the World Trade Center.
• The gunmans threats terrified her into handing
  over the money.

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23. Normally

• ad. ???,??
• During 26 years of research on sharks I have
  found them to be normally unaggressive and even
  timid toward man.
• Greatly affected by EI Nino, areas that are
  normally wet, such as Indonesia, the Philippines,
  and eastern Australia have experienced drought.

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24. Mixture

• ??(?)
• A mixture of cultures from around the world is
  reflected in the street festivals and ethnic
  celebrations in New York City.
• Offspring receive a mixture of genetic
  information from both parents.
• Smog, a mixture of smoke and fog, irritates the
  eyes, throat, and lungs and also damages plants.

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25. Brilliant

• a. ???????? ???
• With his brilliant theoretical work, Albert
  Einstein revolutionized 20th-century physics.
• It was his brilliant performance in Hamlet that
  established his reputation.
• The Hubble telescope is a brilliant new device
  that allows us to peer far more deeply into the
  heavens.

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26. Inherit

• 1) vt. ??????(???)
• Although all humans share the same set of genes,
  individuals can inherit different forms of a
  given gene, making each person genetically
  unique.
• Deficiencies in immune function may be either
  inherited or acquired.
• While people biologically inherit many physical
  traits and behavioral instincts, culture is
  socially inherited.

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• 2) ??
• He has no son to inherit his land.
• Mary inherited the money from her parents.
• Exercise P271 No.3 2)

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27. Comment

• 1) n. ??
• He was making rude comments about her haircut.
• There has been no comment so far from police
  about the bomb attack happening yesterday.

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• 2) v.
• followed by on
• The president refused to comment on the issue of
  gun violence on campus.
• The teacher commented on the fact that some
  students were absent for class.

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28. Genius

• n. ??
• Thomas Edison is considered a genius of
  invention.
• From the age of three, she showed signs of genius.

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29. Atomic

• a. ??(?)?
• On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an
  atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.
• As the atomic nuclei are fused together, an
  extraordinary amount of energy is released.

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30. Curiosity

• n. ???
• Science museums stimulate curiosity and allow
  people to learn at their own pace.
• As a youth Einstein showed a brilliant curiosity
  about nature and an ability to understand
  difficult mathematical concepts.
• My daughter showed an enthusiasm and curiosity
  about Chinese history.

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31. Let loose

• ??
• Dont let that dog loose in the yard, as it will
  terrify the kids.
• Trainees will go through a four-hour lesson
  before they are let loose on the controls.

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Main Idea of Part Three

• People have to face the ethical problems of human
  cloning.

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Text Organization Exercise 2 (P267)

• Section One Para 7 9Human cloning has given
  rise to the question of what implications the
  technology may have for mankind.
• Section Two Para 10 11
• The making of the atomic bomb had a tremendous
  impact on scientists.

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32. Transplant v.

• 1) ??
• To repair injuries such as burns, skin is
  sometimes transplanted from one area of the body
  to another.
• The operation to transplant a kidney is now
  fairly routine.

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• 2) ??
• Tea was transplanted from China to India and Sri
  Lanka.
• The seedlings can be transplanted when they are
  about four inches tall.

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Transplant(ation)

• n.
• In some instances, surgeons may perform a lung
  transplant to save a patients life.
• Cloning may generate genetically modified animal
  organs that are suitable for transplantation into
  humans.
• Advances in organ transplantation have brought
  new hope to those afflicted with diseased organs.

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33. Lash out at

• ??????
• He lashed out at them with his fists.
• It seemed that he was going to lash out at the
  saleswoman, but he controlled himself.
• Exercise P271 No.3 3)

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34. Immune a.

• 1) ???
• followed by to / against
• The health of the body is dependent on the immune
  systems ability to recognize and then destroy
  bacteria and viruses.
• It seemed for a while that infants were immune to
  AIDS.
• My brother seems to be immune to colds he just
  never gets them.

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• 2) ???? ???
• followed by to
• Football is not immune to economic recession.
• You will probably be immune from punishment if
  you help the police.
• Exercise P271 No.3 4)

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35. Merge

• v. (?)??,(?)??
• In the great melting pot like New York City
  cultures are merged and traditions lost.
• In the story he merged his mind with the robots
  and shared its thoughts.
• The two colleges will be merged to form a
  university.

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36. Primitive

• a. ???
• An examination of two fossils reveals that a
  primitive human species had arrived in Asia from
  Africa about 2 million years ago.
• With the discovery in 1996 that primitive life
  may have flourished early in the history of Mars,
  interest in exploring the planet increased.
• The most commonly cited example of a primitive
  calculating device is the abacus.

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37. Start out

• 1) ????
• They started out wanting a house, but eventually
  bought a flat.
• Peter didn't start out to apply for Yale
  University it just happened that way.

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• 2) ??
• He started out in the personnel department later
  he was transferred to the sales department.
• She started out as a teacher and only began
  writing in her thirties.

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38. Grow into

• ??
• With the construction of the highways, the
  village is growing into a town.
• She is growing into a beautiful young woman.

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39. Batch

• n. ???????,??
• The second batch of sugar was better than the
  first.
• Harvard University biologist Dick Estes supplied
  a large batch of lion photographs taken from 1963
  to 1965.
• The school authorities have laid down a great
  batch of rules and regulations.

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Main Idea of Part Four

• Cloning technology could benefit people in more
  than one way.

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Main Idea of Text A

• Cloning is a two-edged sword.

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Writing Strategy of a journalistic writing

• Objective
• 1) Identifying the ethical problems of human
  cloning in Part III.
• 2) Listing the many benefits involved in Part IV.
• 3) Asking many questions, to which no answers are
  given.