Farming System Study

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Farming System Study

• Overview of Individual Farming System Reports

With the support of
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Justifications and Purposes

• Build a reference for policy makers to better
  understand
• The geographic differentiation of farming systems
  and their responses
• Reactions by household type to policy changes

Identify Farming Systems
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Farming System

• Result of the interaction of socio-economic and
  biophysical factors
• Natural resources (Climate, water, soil)
• Socio-economic (Population density, information
  human capital, technology level, market access
  integration)
• Policy interventions (Infrastructure)

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Concept

• Farming systems are characterized by a specific
  combination of natural and socio-economic factors
• Within each farming system, different household
  types reflect adjustment possibilities to
  changing conditions in the FS
• Each HH type presents different characteristics
• Farm resources
• Income sources and livelihood opportunities
• Household vulnerability to adverse ecological and
  market conditions
• HHs respond differently to policy changes

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Concept
The aggregation of HH responses at territorial
level (Farming Systems) allows to link economic
policies to household performances and strategies
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Methodology

• Identification (Secondary data) of
• Major FS boundaries (ACZ, irrigation,
  socio-economic conditions)
• Sub-systems and niches
• Field surveys to
• Identify representative Mantikas and villages per
  FS
• Define household types
• Assess household characteristics changes
• Quantify farm economic aspects
• Household classification criteria (local)
• Holding size
• Income sources
• Technology level
• Other resource endowments (assets, labour, etc.)

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Field survey
29 Missions
327 Days
46 Villages
229 Farmer Questionnaires
459 Gross Margins
106 Group Discussions
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Overview of FS
FS of Northern and North-eastern
Plains Irrigated mixed
Hilly and Mountainous FS Rainfed and
supplementary irrigated
Coastal Intensive Irrigated FS
FS of Al Ghab and the Central Rainfed and
Irrigated Plains
Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral FS Arid and Semi-arid
FS of Southern Semi-arid Mountainsand Plains
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Overview of FS
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Example HH Analysis for FS3

• FS of Northern and North-eastern Plains
• Farming system characteristics
• Large holding size
• Relevance of strategic crops
• Market access characterized by public collection
  centres
• Relatively good water availability (natural and
  created)
• Relevance at national level
• High share of nation production (crops, livestock
  feeding)
• Vulnerability to policy changes
• Main water user

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HH Analysis in FS3Irrigated Sub-system
Share of HH type
Summer
Income sources
Cropping pattern
Winter
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HH analysis

• Changes over the last decade
• Livestock population
• Land size
• Land productivity
• Water availability (mainly wells)
• New investments in tree crops (rainfed olive)

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Strategies HH perspective

• Intensification
• Diversification
• Expansion
• Off-farm
• Exit

• Irrigated s-sys
• Poor HH
• Medium HH
• Better-off HH
• Mixed s-sys
• Poor HH
• Medium HH
• Better-off HH

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HH vulnerability
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Characteristics of FS

• Importance of major and of minor products in
  national context (FS3 Cotton, FS4Ghab
  Sugarbeet, FS1 Citrus)
• Average holding structure and characteristics of
  household types suggests differences in potential
  contribution to growth and in social concerns
• Differences between household types are not
  directly observable from the geographical
  distribution of production (Poor casual labour,
  Better-off crop production)
• Reactions by household type to internal
  development in the farming system and to policy
  changes

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Strategies HH perspective FS3

• Intensification
• Diversification
• Expansion
• Off-farm
• Exit

• Irrigated s-sys
• Poor HH
• Medium HH
• Better-off HH
• Mixed s-sys
• Poor HH
• Medium HH
• Better-off HH

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Strategies Feasibility Policy framework

• Intensification
• Diversification
• Expansion
• Off-farm
• Exit

• For whom?
• Poor HH ?
• Medium HH ?
• Better-off HH ?
• In which FS?
• Which policy support is required?

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Policy areas I

• Credit
• Liquidity constraints, particularly for poor
  households
• Crop finance/seasonal credit
• Investment ? Medium/Long-term credit
• Informal credit markets

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Policy areas II

• Land tenure
• Lengthy administrative procedures for tenure
  registration
• Transfer of ownership of agrarian reform land
• Importance for improved credit access in some FS
• Avoid farmers being inclined to seek informal
  arrangements, which tend to be unfavourable for
  poor farmers

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Policy areas III

• Industrial crops
• Provide stability and employment (directly and
  indirectly), particularly for poor households
• Influence cropping pattern also in areas with
  principally good market access
• Reduce land use intensity on land which has
  benefited from large public investment
• Water fees and water use efficiency

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Policy areas IV

• Price and market information
• Support the farm management decision making for
  crops under private marketing through price and
  market information
• Extension unit/Agricultural plan
• Dual function Administrative and advisory
• Stimulation of progressive farming practices more
  successful in free market dominated FS
• Procedures for plan implementation of industrial
  crops extremely demanding

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• Thank youfor your kind attention!
• The NAPC team is looking forward to the dialogue
  about the farming systems framework for the
  analysis of the agricultural sector
• NAPC Researchers
• Ahmed Saadeddin, Akram Shhaideh, Firas Yassin,
  Hassan Al Mojahed, Mourad Sayyed, Raid Hamza,
  Samira Al Zoughbi
• Mahmoud Al Ashram, National Consultant
• Horst Wattenbach, International Consultant

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