Appendix B: Hardware

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SECTION 5.2

• Appendix B Hardware Software Basics

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INTRODUCTION

• Information technology (IT) - any computer-based
  tool that people use to work with information and
  support the information and information-processing
  needs of an organization
• Hardware - consists of the physical devices
  associated with a computer system
• Software - the set of instructions that the
  hardware executes to carry out specific tasks

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HARDWARE BASICS

• Computer - an electronic device operating under
  the control of instructions stored in its own
  memory that can accept, manipulate, and store
  data
• Hardware components include
• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Primary storage
• Secondary storage
• Input devices
• Output devices
• Communication devices

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HARDWARE BASICS
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Representing Data

• Binary or Machine Language
• The language that all computers use
• Expressed in 0s or 1s only
• Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from
  normal characters to binary code (e.g. A 0100
  0001 in binary)
• Bit (binary digit) a single 0 or 1, the
  smallest unit of information that a computer can
  process
• Byte a group of 8 bits representing one natural
  language character

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Representing Data

• Types of Binary Coding
• 8 bit coding schemes
• ASCII
• EBCIDIC
• 16 bit coding schemes
• Unicode

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Central Processing Unit

• Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor)
  - the actual hardware that interprets and
  executes the program (SW) instructions and
  coordinates how all the other hardware devices
  work together
• Control unit - interprets software instructions
  and literally tells the other hardware devices
  what to do, based on the software instructions
• Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) - performs all
  arithmetic operations (for example, addition and
  subtraction) and all logic operations (such as
  sorting and comparing numbers)

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Central Processing Unit

• Registers - provide temporary storage where data
  resides while it is being processed or
  manipulated
• Cache Memory - a small block of memory used by
  the processors to store those instructions used
  most recently or most often.
• Internal or Primary (L1) incorporated in the
  microprocessors design
• External or Secondary (L2) is not built into
  the CPU but is located on the motherboard very
  close to the CPU for easy access

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Processing - Speed

• Speed how fast can we process an instruction?
• Measured in fractions of a second
• Micro- (1 millionth) .000001
• Nano- (1 billionth) .000000001
• Pico- (1 trillionth) .000000000001
• Femto- (1 quadrillionth).000000000000001
• Atto- (1 quintillionth) .000000000000000001
• Zepto- (1 sextillionth .000000000000000000001
• Yocto-(1 septillionth) .000000000000000000000001

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Processing - Speed

• Machine cycle time - time it takes to process one
  instruction (fetching, decoding, retrieving,
  storing)
• Can be measured in fractions of seconds ex. 1
  microsecond or 1 millionth of a second
• Can also be measured in terms of how many
  instructions can be executed in 1 second
• MIPS (Millions of Instructions per Second)

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Processing Speed Factors

• Clock Speed the speed of the internal clock
  (system clock) that sets the pace at which
  operations proceed clock speed is measured in
  hertz (MHZ, GHZ)
• Word length the number of bits that can be
  processed by the CPU at any one time

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Processing Speed Factors

• Bus width the size of the internal electrical
  pathway along which signals are sent from one
  part of the computer to another
• Chip line width the distance between
  transistors on a chip

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Advances in CPU Design

• Complex instruction set computer (CISC) chip -
  type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or
  more instructions, enough to carry out most
  computations directly
• Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chip -
  limit the number of instructions the CPU can
  execute to increase processing speed

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Storage Capacity How Much Can We Store?
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Primary Storage

• Primary storage - the computers main memory,
  which consists of the random access memory (RAM),
  cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM) that
  is directly accessible to the CPU

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Random Access Memory (RAM)

• Random access memory (RAM) - the computers
  primary working memory used to store program
  instructions and data they can be accessed
  directly by the CPU via the processors
  high-speed external data bus
• Provides temporary storage for computer
  operations
• Stores data programs and data currently in use
• CPU can randomly access the data stored in RAM
• Instructions are considered volatile and will be
  lost when the computer is turned off
• Individual RAM chips, SIMM, DIMM

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Cache Memory

• A type of high-speed memory that a processor can
  access more rapidly than main memory used to
  store recently accessed or frequently accessed
  data and instructions
• L1 (primary/internal) cache on the CPU chip
  itself
• L2 (secondary/external) cache a separate chip
  on the motherboard, usually very close to the CPU

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Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• Read-only memory (ROM)
• Nonvolatile (does not lose its contents when one
  switches off the power) stores permanent control
  instructions boot up commands - BIOS

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Secondary Storage

• Secondary storage - consists of equipment
  designed to store large volumes of data for
  long-term storage
• Nonvolatile - is used to permanently store
  information comes in many types.
• Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater
  capacity, and greater economy
• Issues
• Access method
• Storage capacities
• Portability
• Cost

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Access Methods

• Sequential records must be retrieved in order
• Devices used are called sequential access storage
  devices (SASD)
• Direct records can be retrieved in any order
  also called Random Access
• Devices used are called direct access storage
  devices (DASD)
• Each storage location has a unique address

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Secondary Storage Magnetic Tape

• Magnetic Tape Sequential Access
• Used for storage of computer information
  consisting of a narrow tape coated with a
  magnetic substance. Unlike all other secondary
  storage mediums, this technology reads and writes
  data sequentially only. Tape is commonly used
  for backing up data from other secondary storage
  technologies.

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Secondary Storage Magnetic Disks

• Magnetic Disks
• Direct (random) or sequential access
• Fast data retrieval for individual data items
• Each storage location has a unique address
  identifying the track and sector
• Types
• Hard Disks
• Floppy diskettes
• RAID
• ZIP
• Issues
• Capacity
• Portability
• Access time

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Secondary Storage Optical Media

• This technology uses a laser to write by burning
  spots into a disk coated with a metallic
  substance read by interpreting the reflection of
  the light off the burned-in data spots. These
  disks come in several types
• Compact Disk (CD) this technology is standard
  equipment on PCs and comes in several types
  CD-ROM (read only) CD-R (write once) CD-RW (can
  re-write)
• Digital Video Disk (DVD) a common storage
  format used for movies and other video media but
  can also be used for data storage holds over 7
  times or more a CDs capacity
• DVD-R DVD-RW HD-DVD Blu-ray

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Secondary Storage Flash Media

• Flash Memory (Flash Drives/Jump Drives/USB
  Drives) a special type of semi-conductor memory
  that is portable
• Memory cards or memory sticks high capacity
  semi-conductor storage that holds data such as
  captured images, music or text files for a
  variety of portable devices including computers,
  digital cameras, MP3 players, and PDAs

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Secondary Storage SAN

• SAN Storage area network
• A special high-speed network that provides direct
  connections between data storage devices and
  computers
• Built-in redundancy
• Easy to add to
• Can integrate different types of storage

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Secondary Storage SAN
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Input Devices

• Type/format of data text, numbers, audio,
  images, video
• Data - can be human or machine readable
• 2 Step Process
• Data entry - converts human readable data into
  machine-readable form
• Data input - transfers machine-readable data into
  the system
• Traditional data entry methods

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Data Input Text Numbers

• Primary device is keyboard each key has its own
  digital code
• Converts human readable data into machine
  readable format

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Data Input Ergonomics

• Ergonomics the study of designing positioning
  computer equipment for employee health safety
• Health Concerns
• Stress anxiety
• Repetitive stress injury (RSI)
• Repetitive motion disorders
• Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
• Eye strain
• Harmful emissions from monitors, cell phones,
  laser printers, etc.
• http//datahand.com/overview/photos.htm
• www.footmouse.com/

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Data Input Pointing Selecting Information

• Input HW that allows you to select items from
  menus, to point, to sketch or draw
• Mouse
• Joystick
• Trackball
• Touchpad
• Stylus Light Pens
• Touch sensitive screens

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Automated Input Devices

• Input HW used to automate the entry of data
• Handheld or Flatbed Scanners
• Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
• Bar Code Scanners
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
• Smart Cards
• Cards with RFID Chips

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Data Input Entering Audio Data

• Audio HW includes microphones speakers
• Voice-recognition devices
• Involve converting human speech patterns into
  digital patterns
• Very easy/user-friendly
• hands-free input
• Still relatively slow error prone
• Greater accuracy requires training the computer
  to recognize individual voice patterns
• Requires large storage capacity
• Recognize speech/wreck a nice beach
• Dr. Wright will write the right prescription and
  you can take it to Rite-Way Pharmacy

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Data Input Entering Audio Data

• Other Audio Input Applications
• Internet based telephone calls
• Instant Messaging with voice
• On-line video gaming
• Videoconferencing
• Music

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Data Input Entering Video Data

• Video Input HW includes digital video cameras
  and players
• Web cams lower quality cost cams used for
  Internet chatting or office-to-office
  videoconferencing

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Other Input Devices

• Dumb terminals
• Perform data entry input at the same time
• Are connected by lines or cables to a complete
  computer system
• Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices
• Terminals used in retail operations to enter
  sales information into the computer system
• Both of these may incorporate other I/O devices
  such as keyboards, bar code readers, OCR
  scanners, printers, monitors

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Other Input Devices

• Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Devices
• Special purpose input/output device
• Incorporate other I/O devices such as keypads,
  monitors, printers, credit/debit card readers,
  deposit slots, cash dispensers
• Brain Wave Input
• Also called a neural interface
• Uses biofeedback techniques to learn to control
  certain types of brain waves in order to cause
  some type of action to occur

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Other Input Devices

• Brain Wave input
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vd55CJYtHKAI
• Dasher SW (optical movement as input)
• http//www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/dasher/Demonstr
  ations.html
• Microsoft Surface Computing
• - http//news.com.com/1606-2_3-6186146.html

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Trends in Data Input

• Trends in Input HW
• More direct input
• Easy to use
• Faster
• More accurate
• Fewer steps
• Less paper

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Output Devices

• Output may be provided in visual, audio, digital
  form
• Should be appropriate media choice for use
• Hard copy vs. Soft copy

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Output Devices Visual

• Display Monitors
• Technology used to generate image
• CRT,LCD,LED, plasma
• Screen size, screen shape, colors, energy
  requirements
• Response time, contrast ratio, degree of viewing
  angle
• Resolution
• Pixel dot or picture element the more pixels
  or dots per square inch, or dpi, the sharper the
  image
• Dot pitch the distance between one pixel
  another the closer the pixels are together the
  sharper the image
• VRAM video RAM
• Image data is put into this faster video memory
  to optimize speed in getting it displayed

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Output Devices Hard Copy

• Printers Issues
• Speed pages per minute
• Print quality (resolution) the higher the dpi
  the better the print quality
• Graphics
• Colors
• Multiple part forms

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Output Devices Hard Copy

• Types impact vs. non-impact
• Impact Printers multiple part forms require an
  impact printer
• Have a physical striking mechanism
• Dot matrix, daisy wheel, line, band or chain
  printers
• Non-impact Printers
• No physical striking mechanism
• Laser, ink or bubble-jet, thermal

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Output Devices Hard Copy

• Plotters produce high quality color graphics
  used for general design work

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Output Devices Audio
Audio Audio is transmitted using a sound card
inserted into one of the motherboards slots and
is connected to speakers. The computer
translates digital code into sound by sending the
data to the sound card that interprets these data
into tones

• Voice Output
• Music Output
• Speakers
• MP3 Players

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Output Devices Scents more ?

• Scents, Taste, Textures ???
• www.trisenx.com

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COMPUTER CATEGORIES

• For the past 20 years, federally funded
  supercomputing research has given birth to some
  of the computer industrys most significant
  technology breakthroughs including
• Clustering allows companies to chain together
  thousands of PCs
• Parallel processing provides the ability to run
  two or more tasks simultaneously by using
  multiple processors linked to operate at the same
  time

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COMPUTER CATEGORIES

• Computer categories include
• Personal digital assistant (PDA)
• Laptop
• Tablet
• Desktop
• Workstation
• Minicomputer
• Mainframe computer
• Supercomputer

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SOFTWARE BASICS

• System software - the collection of programs that
  control the basic functions of computer hardware
  controls how the various technology tools work
  together along with the application software
• Operating system software
• Utility software

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SOFTWARE BASICS

• Operating system software controls the
  application SW and manages how the HW devices
  work together
• Common Functions
• Booting (or starting) the computer
• Reading programs into memory and managing memory
  allocation
• Managing where programs and files are located in
  secondary storage
• Maintaining the structure of directories and
  subdirectories
• Formatting disks
• Controlling the computer monitor
• Sending documents to the printer
• Providing a user interface

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Utility Software

• Provides additional functionality to the
  operating system
• Types of utility software
• Crash-proof
• Disk image
• Disk optimization
• Encrypt data
• File and data recovery
• Spam blockers
• Virus protection
• Spyware detection
• Uninstallers

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Application Software

• Used for specific information processing needs
  Programs that let the user perform a specific
  task or operation by interacting with the system
  software
• Application software comes in two types for use
  by organizations 1) Business systems and 2)
  Office automation/ personal productivity tools

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Application Software

• Business Systems
• Support enterprise-wide operations such as
• Accounting -A/P, A/R, general ledger
• Operations - inventory management, order
  processing, shipping, etc.
• H.R. payroll, benefits
• Other functional area business applications

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Application Software

• Office Automation/Personal Productivity Tools
• Support daily work activities of individuals and
  small groups
• Browsers
• Communication tools
• Data management
• Desktop publishing
• E-mail
• Groupware
• Presentation graphics
• Programming
• Spreadsheet
• Word processing

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Business Driven Information Systems 2e

• CHAPTER 5
• Part 1
• ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES

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ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES

• Enterprise architecture - includes the plans for
  how an organization will build, deploy, use, and
  share its data, processes, and IT assets
• A unified enterprise architecture will
  standardize enterprise wide HW and SW systems,
  and provide tight links to the organizations
  business strategy
• Enterprise architect (EA) - a person grounded in
  technology, fluent in business, a patient
  diplomat, and provides the important bridge
  between IT and the business

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ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES

• Primary goals of enterprise architectures

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ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES
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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE

• Information architecture - identifies where and
  how important information, such as customer
  records, is maintained and secured
• Enterprise information architecture should focus
  on
• Backup and recovery
• Disaster recovery
• Information security

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Backup and Recovery

• Backup - an exact copy of a systems information
• Recovery - the ability to get a system up and
  running in the event of a system crash or failure
  and includes restoring the information backup

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE
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Backup and Recovery

• Fault tolerance a system designed so that in
  event of a failure, a backup component or
  procedure can immediately take its place (be
  installed) with no critical loss of service
• Failover a backup operational mode in which
  the functions of a computer component are assumed
  by secondary system components automatically

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Disaster Recovery

• Disaster recovery best practices include
• Monitor the quality of computer networks that
  provide data on power suppliers and demand
• Make sure the networks can be restored quickly in
  the case of downtime
• Set up disaster recovery plans
• Provide adequate staff training, including verbal
  communication protocols so that operators are
  aware of any IT-related problems

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Disaster Recovery

• Disaster recovery plan - a detailed process for
  recovering information or an IT system in the
  event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire
  or flood
• Hot site separate fully equipped facility
  where the firm can move immediately after a
  disaster resume business
• Cold site separate facility without any
  computer equipment but is a place employees can
  move after a disaster

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Disaster Recovery

• Business continuity planning (BCP) - is a plan
  for how an organization will recover and restore
  partially or completely interrupted critical
  function(s) within a predetermined time after a
  disaster or extended disruption

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Information Security

• A good information architecture includes
• A strong information security plan
• Managing user access
• Up-to-date antivirus software

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INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE

• Infrastructure architecture includes the HW, SW
  and telecommunications equipment that provide the
  underlying foundation to support the
  organizations goals
• Five primary characteristics of a solid
  infrastructure architecture
• Flexibility
• Scalability
• Reliability
• Availability
• Performance

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Flexibility

• Organizations must watch todays business, as
  well as tomorrows, when designing and building
  systems
• Systems must be flexible enough to meet all types
  of business changes

68
Scalability

• Scalability - refers to how well a system can
  adapt to increased demands
• Capacity planning - determines the future IT
  infrastructure requirements for new equipment and
  additional network capacity
• Performing a capacity plan is one way to ensure
  the IT infrastructure is scalable

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Reliability

• Reliability ensures all systems are functioning
  correctly and providing accurate information
• Reliability is another term for accuracy when
  discussing the correctness of systems within the
  context of efficiency IT metrics

70
Availability

• Availability - addresses when systems can be
  accessed by users
• High availability - refers to a system or
  component that is continuously operational for a
  desirably long length of time

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Performance

• Performance - measures how quickly a system
  performs a certain process or transaction (in
  terms of efficiency IT metrics of both speed and
  throughput)
• Not having enough performance capacity can have a
  devastating, negative impact on a business

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APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE

• Application architecture - determines how
  applications integrate and relate to each other

73
Web Services

• Web service - contains a repertoire of Web-based
  data and procedural resources that use shared
  protocols and standards permitting different
  applications to share data and services
• Interoperability - the capability of two or more
  computer systems to share data and resources,
  even though they are made by different
  manufacturers

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Open Systems

• Open system - a broad, general term that
  describes nonproprietary IT hardware and software
  made available by the standards and procedures by
  which their products work, making it easier to
  integrate them
• Open source - refers to any program whose source
  code is made available for use or modification as
  users or other developers see fit

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Open Systems

• Proprietary systems often lead to costly repairs,
  maintenance, expansion costs due to a lack of
  competitive forces
• Open systems are designed to
• Allow systems to seamlessly share information
• Capitalize on enterprise architectures
• Eliminate proprietary systems and promote
  competitive pricing